Development Chapter - 1 , Economics Class- 10 NCERT Textbook solution 1. Development of a country can generally be...
Development
Chapter - 1 , Economics Class- 10
NCERT Textbook solution
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by -
i) its per capita income
ii) its average literacy level
iii) health status of its people
iv) all the above
ii) its average literacy level
iii) health status of its people
iv) all the above
Ans: all the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India ?
i) Bangladesh
ii) Sri Lanka
iii) Nepal
iv) Pakistan
Ans: Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is ₹ 5000. If the income of three families is ₹4000, ₹ 7000 and ₹3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family ?
i) ₹ 7500
ii) ₹ 3000
iii) ₹ 2000
iv) ₹ 6000
Ans: ₹6000
Solution: ₹(4000+7000+3000+ X) ÷4 = ₹5000
₹14000 + X = ₹ 5000 × 4
X = ₹20000-₹14000
X= ₹6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries ? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any ?
Ans: World Bank uses the per capita income to classify different countries.
The per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country.
For the year 2017, the countries with per capita income of US $12,056 per annum were declared rich countries and the countries with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
The limitations of the criterion are:
i) Other important factors like literacy rate, infant mortality rate are ignored.
ii) Information about the unequal distribution of income is not mentioned (This system hides disparities among people).
iii) The economy of the country cannot determine the development of the country.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank ?
Ans: World Bank uses only the per capita income for measuring development of countries whereas UNDP compares countries development based on HDI which includes educational level of the people, health status and per capita income.
6. Why do we use averages ? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to the development.
Ans: To classify the countries only based on their total income would not be appropriate as the different countries have different population. Hence, we use averages.
Average value has its limitation as it avoids/neglects inequality. So, the real situation of improvement is not reflected. While average are useful for comparison they also hide disparities.
For example, if we calculate the per capita income of two countries A and B with 5 people each.
This proves that the average of country B is higher than that of country A, and yet there is a disparity in the income distribution of country B and the income is evenly distributed in country A. So average income does not tell us how the income is distributed and what is the actual condition of peoples
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree ? Discuss.
Ans: Yes, I agree that per capita income is not a useful Criterion at all and should not be used to compare States. The per capita income of Punjab is higher than Kerala however the infant mortality rate and literacy rate in Kerala are much better than Punjab.
The above example clearly show that per capita income alone cannot be used for measuring the development of a nation or a state.
2nd answer
No I don't agree with the statement that per capita income is not a useful Criterion at all. Kerala with lower per capita income has a better HDI ranking than Punjab because Human Development ranking is determined using a combination of factors such as health, education and income. So, this does not imply that per capita income is not useful rather per capita income is one of the development factor and cannot be neglected.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now ?
Ans: The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil, natural gas, electricity etc.
The other possibilities fifty years from now can be using nuclear energy, solar energy and wind energy as a source for various energy forms. This is because the current usage may result in the loss of these resources for future generations. So, we have to use these sources judicially.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability is important for development ?
Ans: Sustainable development refers to using natural resources in a manner so that they can be used by the present and future generations. The issue of sustainability is important for development because if the natural resources (non renewable) are not used carefully, they may not be available for future generations. The depleting resources of a country may ultimately result in a lack of development of the country.
10. “ The Earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person. ” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development ? Discuss.
Ans: This quote of Mahatma Gandhi tells us that Earth has plenty of resources to satisfy the needs and basic requirement of the people but it does not have the resources to meet the greed of even one person. While the basic necessities Humans can be fulfilled by nature and the unlimited exploitation of resources on the pretext of rapid development and the satisfaction of unlimited wants will lead to the destruction of resources.They started misusing the resources.We have to use the resources keeping our environment protected and clear so that there is a balance between the development and use of our resources. As otherwise after a certain point of time in future the development will be stagnated.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Ans: The few examples of environmental degradation that we observed around us are-
soil erosion, groundwater depletion, deforestation, water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, garbage dumps, over mining etc.
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
Old book
Ans: Sri Lanka tops in all the categories. It has the highest per capita income, life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio and HDI ranking.
Myanmar is at the bottom of the category of per capita income and life expectancy. Literacy rate is lowest in Bangladesh. Nepal is the at the the bottom of HDI ranking and Pakistan is at the lowest position in gross enrolment ratio.
New book
Sri Lanka tops in all the four categories. It has the highest Gross National Income, Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above and HDI rank in the world.
Nepal has the lowest Gross National Income. Pakistan has the least Life Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank. Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above is the lowest for Myanmar and Nepal.
13. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions:
Old book
i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
Ans: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional level of people in Madhya Pradesh.
ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country ? Describe in your own words.
Ans:
One-fifth of the population in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country. Some reasons are :
i)There is a lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country so many people remain backward and poor and so they are unable to get nutritious food.
ii) Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
iii) In most of the states the public distribution system does not function properly and the poor people cannot get food items at cheap rate
iv) Due to corruption many government scheme never reaches to many needy peoples.
v) Due to lack of proper management a huge amount of food waste.
13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions:
New book
i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
Ans: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional level of people in Madhya Pradesh.
ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Ans: One-fifth of the population in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country. Some reasons are :
i)There is a lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country so many people remain backward and poor and so they are unable to get nutritious food.
ii) Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
iii) In most of the states the public distribution system does not function properly and the poor people cannot get food items at cheap rate
iv) Due to corruption many government scheme never reaches to many needy peoples.
v) Due to lack of proper management a huge amount of food waste.
I hope this will help you.
Don't hesitate to ask (comment) any question or give any suggestion.
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