Development Chapter - 1 , Economics Class- 10 Notes ० Development - development is the process of growing and becoming better (improv...
Development
Chapter - 1 , Economics Class- 10
Notes
० Development - development is the process of growing and becoming better (improving).
० Development - growth in overall factor - development means different for different people - what may be development for one may not be for other (ex-construction of dam , stadium).
० Human development - development of an individual in such a way that he could live a happy life and fulfill all the materialistic desires.
० A person have two types of development goals
1. Material things - Money , building.
2. Non material things - freedom, equality, respect.
both material and non material things are equally important , people look at mix of goals for development.
० Comparing development of different countries/states
• comparison through national income
Total income of country = the sum of income of all the residents of the country
* higher income more developed.
*not considered as different countries have different population and area.
• Comparison through per capita income
# Per capita income (average income)= total income of country ÷ total population of country.
• World Bank considers only the per capita income as the indicator of development of country.
# In 2017,countries with PCI of $12056 per annum and above are called rich countries. ($12535 or above in 2020)
# In 2017, Countries with PCI of $ 955 per annum or less are called low income countries.($1035 or below in 2020)
# India had per capita income of $ 1820 in 2017 and is considered as low middle income country.
* limitation/drawbacks - no idea about distribution of income in a country (uneven), doesn't show the actual living conditions, not consider other factors like health, education etc.
० Other criteria -
• Infant mortality rate (IMR) - Number of children that die before the age of one year in proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
• Literacy rate - The proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
• Net attendance ratio (NAR) - The total number of children of age group 6 - 10 enrolled in or attending primary school, as a percentage of the total number of children of primary school age.
• Life expectancy - Expected lifespan of a person at birth.
• Body Mass Index (BMI) - A standard used to determine whether an adult person is undernourished or not.
* BMI =(weight) in kg ÷ (height × height) in metre
( *square of height)
BMI < 18.5 undernourished
18.5 < BMI > 25 normal
25 < BMI overweight
*not applicable for growing children.
० Comparison of Punjab and Kerala :
PCI (Punjab> Kerala)
IMR ( Punjab > Kerala)
This Shows beside income all other goals are equally important _ people looks mix of goals for development.
• Bihar - very low PCI _ more than half children do not even go to school.
० Money can't buy all the goods and services that we may need to live.
example- pollution free Environment, protection from disease etc.
० Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual report published by United Nations development programme (UNDP) which compares countries based on their educational level, health status and per capita income.
० Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators which are used to rank countries into four tiers of Human Development.
*Srilanka<India<Myanmar<Pakistan<Nepal<Bangladesh
# HDI rank of India is 130 and Sri Lanka HDI rank 76 in 2018
* (In 2020, India 131 and Sri Lanka 71 out of 189 countries.)
० Sustainable development - Development without damaging surrounding.
० Sustainability of development - The regular process without harming the productivity of future generation and satisfy the need of present generation.
० National income - value of final goods produced within the country +income from foreign factors.
० GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - money value of all the goods and services produced within a country.
० GNP (Gross National Product) - total value of all the goods and services produced by country + total money coming from foreign country.
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I hope this will help you.
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