Nationalism In India Chapter - 3 Geography, Class-X Short Notes ० In India like many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is c...
Nationalism In India
Chapter - 3
Geography, Class-X
Short Notes
० In India like many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is connected to the anti-colonial movement.
The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
० The First World War (1914-1918) created a new political and economic situation.
० India faced various problems during war period:
• Increase in defence expenditure.
• Prices increased through the war years.
• Forced recruitment in rural areas.
• During 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failure in many parts of India. Shortage of food due to diversion of grains towards Europe.
• Influenza epidemic spread.
#Hardships did not end after the war was over.
#12 to 13 million people died.
० The Idea of Satyagraha
• Satyagraha is a novel way of fighting the colonial rule in India. It is a non-aggressive, peaceful mass agitation against oppression and injustice.
• Satyagraha means insistence on truth.
It is a moral force, not passive resistance(two pillars-truth and non violence).
० In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India. His heroic fight for the Indians in south Africa was well-known.
• Gandhiji organised Satyagraha Movements in*
(i) Champaran, Bihar (1917) inspire the peasants plantation system(against Britishers) to struggle against the oppressive.
(ii)Kheda district of Gujarat (1917)supporting the peasants against British government for remit land revenue, and
(iii) intervened in a dispute between workers and mill owners of Ahmedabad(1918). He advised to workers to go on strike and to demand a 35% increase in wages.
*sequence as given in NCERT
० The Rowlatt Act (1919)
• This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
• Reaction of people
• Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6th April.
• 6th April 1919 was observed as Satyagraha Day when people all over the country observed fast and hartal.
• 1919, the country witnessed a remarkable political awakening in India.
• Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
• On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on government buildings.
० Jallianwala Bagh massacre
• On 13th April 1919, a huge crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh to attend annual Baishakhi fair and protest against new govt. Act.
• General Dyer who had declared the Martial law, entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
• As the news spread, strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings started.
• The government responded with brutal repression.
• Gandhi called off the Rowlatt satyagraha as the violence spread.
Cont...
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