Notes of Lifelines of National Economy, Geography -X

Life Lines of National Economy Chapter-7 Geography Class-X ० Transportation and communication are the lifelines of National economy. ० Pace ...

Life Lines of National Economy

Chapter-7 Geography

Class-X

० Transportation and communication are the lifelines of National economy.
० Pace of development depend upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over the space.

० The movement of goods and services from supply locations to demand location is termed as transportation. 

० Means of transportation includes: land,water and air. 

० Roadways: India has one of the largest road networks in the world.

 

• Its importance can be viewed.

(i) Construction and maintainance cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines. 
(ii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. 
(iii) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
(iv) It is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
(v) It provides door to door services.

(vi) It is used as feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.

० Classification of Roadways

• Classification based on Capacity i.e. number of traffic lanes

1.Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: Connect Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata

# East-West corridor Silchar to Porbandar North-South corridor Srinagar to Kanyakumari

• objective- Reduce time and distance between mega cities

Six-lane implemented by National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)

2.National Highways: National Highways link extreme parts of the country and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).

• NH-1 Delhi to Amritsar (Part of historical Sher sah suri marg)
• NH-2 Delhi to Kolkata (Grand Trunk Road) 
• NH-7 Varanasi to Kanyakumari (longest highway*)
• NH- 8 Delhi to Mumbai

• NH- 15 covers most of Rajsthan. 

*as given in NCERT book (after renaming NH-44 is longest Kashmir to Kanyakumari) 

3.State Highways: State Highways link a state capital with different district headquarters and are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD).

4.District Roads: connect the district headquarters with other places of the district and are maintained by the Zila Parishad.

5.Other Roads: Rural roads, connect village and town by all season road. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.

6.Border Roads: Border Roads Organisation(established in 1960) constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country.

• Classification on the basis of type of material
# Metalled Roads: All weather road made with cement,concrete etc. 
# Unmetalled Roads: go out of use in rainy season. 

० Road Density: The length of road per 100sq. km of area is known as density of roads.

• Distribution is not uniform- Density of all roads varies from only 12.14km in Jammu & Kashmir to 517.77km in Kerala with the national average of  142.68km (March 2011).

० Problem faced by Road Transportation:

• Many roads being unmetalled, due to which transportation is difficult during rainy season. 
• Inadequate reach of National Highways in many places.
• High traffic congestion on roads in cities. 

• Bridges and culverts (tunnels) connecting roads are old and narrow at many places.

० Railways 

० The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influence by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.

० The Himalyan mountains regions are unfavorable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief,sparse population & each of economic opportunities.

० It was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.

० The northern plains having high population density, provide most favourable condition for their growth. 

० Rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed some obstacles for the construction of railway lines.

० Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the Industry and agriculture.

० Problems faced by Railways

• Many passengers travel without ticket.
• People pull chains unnecessarily. 
• Thefts and damaging of railway property. 
• Easy target during any protest. 
• Delaying of trains.

• Landslides and sinking of tracks in some stretches. 

# The initial cost of laying the tracks are too high. 

# The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.

# The Indian Railway is now reorganised into 16 zones.

# The Indian Railway network runs on multiple gauge

• Broad Gauge (1.676m)

• Metro Gauge (1.000m)
• Narrow Gauge (0.762m & 0.610m)

० Pipelines:
० Pipelines transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India.
० Its initial cost is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
० It is used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products & natural gas to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. 
० It rules out trans-shipment losses and delays

० Three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country:

• From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh),
• From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab.
• From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh.

 # Solids converted into slurry and transported through pipelines. 

० Waterways

• Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. 
• They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.

• It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.  

• There are two types of water ways : 

(1) Inland Water Ways, 

(2) Maritime Transport

• India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length.

• India's trade with foreign countries is carried from the ports located along the coast. 

• 95 percent of the country's trade volume (68 percent in terms of value) is moved by sea.

० The National Waterways by the Government

•N.W. No. 1- The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km) 
•N.W. No. 2- The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) 
•N.W. No. 3- The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km)
•N.W. No. 4- specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers (1078km) 

•N.W. No. 5- stretches of river Brahmani, Mahanadi delta (588 km).

० Major Sea Ports

 With a long coastline of 7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major* and 200+ medium and minor ports.

{*Ennore Port (Chennai) is not included in NCERT)}

• On the Western coast :

1. Kandla: first port developed soon after Independence, ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port. tidal port.  

2. Mumbai: biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.
3.The Jawaharlal Nehru port(Maharashtra): decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port.
4. Marmagao port (Goa): premier iron ore exporting port of the country(about fifty per cent of India's iron ore export).

5. New Mangalore port(Karnatka): It export iron ore from Kudremukh mines. 

6.Kochi(Kerala): located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.

• On the Eastern coast: 

7. Tuticorin(Tamil Nadu): Natural harbour, It trades a large variety of cargoes to our neighbouring countries.
8. Chennai: one of the oldest artificial ports. It is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo.
9. Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh): deepest landlocked and well-protected port, iron ore exports.
10. Paradip port( Odisha): It specialises in the export of iron ore. 
11. Kolkata: It is an inland riverine port. This port serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga Brahmaputra basin. Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Hoogly River. 

12. Haldia port(West Bengal): developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.

० Airways

• The airway is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. 
• Air travel has made access easier to the terrain areas like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and long oceans.
• The air transport was nationalised in 1953.
• Air India provides domestic and international air services.
• Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) in its off-shore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains.

• Air travel is not within the reach of the common people, in the north eastern states special provisions have been made to extend the service to the common people.

० Communication:

the act of sharing or exchanging information, ideas or feelings.

i) Personal Communication:

० Communication by Post:

• Indian postal network is largest in the world, facilitate movement of parcels, personal written communication.
• First-Class Mail include cards and envelopes which are transferred to destination with the help of air and land transport.

• Second-Class Mail include book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals which are carried to the destination by land and water transport.

• Channels:Recently to facilitate quick delivery of mails in India, six channels are developed these are Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk mail Channel and Periodical Channel.

० Telecommunication:

• India's Telecom Network is one of the largest network in Asia. 

• Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) telephone facility is spread into urban areas as well as two-thirds of villages.To improve the flow of information Indian Government is providing 24 hours STD facility that too with Uniform Rates in all over India. With the improvement in space technology and communication technology all this is made possible.

ii) Mass Communication: 

provide entertainment and also help in creating awareness.

० Radio: All India Radio (Akashwani): broadcast programmes in Different Languages for various Categories of people..

० Television: Doordarshan, broadcast programs in different languages, of different types and for different age groups of people.

० Newspapers and Periodicals: Newspapers are published daily in about 100 Languages and dialects. 

Largest number of newspapers are published in Hindi, English and Urdu. Periodicals are published after certain period such as Weekly, Monthly etc.

० Film: India is largest producer of feature films including short films, video feature films and video short films. 

• Indian films and Foreign films should be certified by Central Board of Film Certification before publishing in India.

० International Trade:

• The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade.

• Trade between two countries is called international trade.

• It is considered as the economic barometer for a country.

• Export(outgoing) and import(incoming) are the components of trade.

० Balance of trade:

The difference between export and import is known as balance of trade.

• If the value of exports is more than the value of imports, it is called favorable balance of trade.

• If the value of imports is greater than the value of exports it is known as unfavorable balance of trade.

• Exports Commodities by India: Agriculture products, Ore and Minerals, gems and jewellery etc.

• Imports Commodities of India: Petroleum and Petroleum products, pearls and precious stones,chemicals, coke, coal, briquettes etc. 

• India has emerged as a software giant at the international level (exports Information technology) 

० Tourism

• As one of the most important aspect of trade, Tourism in India earns huge Foreign exchange.

• It has grown substantially.

• It helps as promotion of National Integration.

• Provide support to local handicrafts, cultural pursuits.

• Development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.

 

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