Manufacturing Industries Chapter-6, Geography Class-X ० Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials to more valuable...
Manufacturing Industries
Chapter-6, Geography
Class-X
० Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials to more valuable
products is called manufacturing .
products is called manufacturing .
० It is considered as the backbone of development because -
i) Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
ii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
iii) Helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
iv) Helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
v) Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and bring much-needed foreign exchange.
i) Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
ii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
iii) Helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
iv) Helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
v) Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and bring much-needed foreign exchange.
० Agriculture and Industries
• They move hand in hand.
• Many industries like sugar, textile,etc depend on agricultural products for raw materials.
• On the other hand ,many industrial products like fertilisers ,Pesticides, irrigation pumps, Pvc pipes ,tractors, etc are used for increasing agricultural productivity and made production process efficient.
० We can compete with international markets, if our manufactured products are at par in quality with international products.
० Contribution of Industry to National Economy
• The contribution of industry in the GDP is very low in India as compared to East Asian economic.
• The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up by the government to take appropriate policy measures to improve the productivity of manufacturing sector.
० Industrial Location:
Influenced mainly by the following factors:
• Raw Materials - Cheap and abundant
• Labour - Cheap, skilled and unskilled
• Source of Energy- Electricity
• Source of Water
• Availability of Capital and Finance
• Market
• Banking and Insurance
• Transport and Communication
• Government Policy
• Its rarely possible to find all these factors available at one plane.Consequently, manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all these factors are available or can be arranged at lower cost.
• Industrialisation & Urbanisation go hand in hand.
• Agglomeration Economies : Many industries tend to come together to make use of
the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.
० Classification of Industries:
1. On the basis of Raw Materials:
(a) Agro Based: raw materials come from agriculture, e.g. Cotton,Woolen, Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil etc.
(b) Mineral Based: minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel, Cement, Aluminum, Machine Tools etc.
2. On the basis of their Main Role:
(a) Basic Industries: provide raw material to other industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper and Aluminum Smelting.
(b) Consumer Industries: produce goods for consumers. Finished goods of these
industries are directly sold in the market for
consumers, e.g. Sugar, Toothpaste, Soap, Bread,
Paper etc.
3. On the basis of Capital Investment:
(a) Small Scale Industries: investment of capital is less than ₹1 crore, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools etc.
(b) Large Scale Industries: investment of capital is more than ₹1 crore, e.g.Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals, Cotton Textiles etc.
4. On the basis of Ownership:
(a) Public Sector: owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g. BHEL, SAIL, NTPC, ONGC.
(b) Private Sector: owned, operated and maintained by individual or group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd. Reliance industries, ITC Ltd. etc.
(c) Joint Sector: jointly run by Govt. and group of individuals. It is mixture of public and private sector, e.g. Oil India Ltd. [OIL].
(d) Cooperative Sector: owned, operated and maintained by supplier of raw materials and workers of the industries, e.g. Sugar industries in Maharashtra, Coir industries in Kerala, Amul in Anand Gujarat, Karnataka Milk Federation(KMF).
5. On the basis of weight of raw material and finished goods:
(a) Heavy Industries: use heavy and bulky raw materials and produce heavy goods in large quantity, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting.
(b) Light Industries: use light and small raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries, e.g. Electrical, Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.
० Types of industries on the basis of raw materials used
० Agro Based
# Textile industry
• Occupies a unique position in Indian economy.
• Contributes significantly to industrial production, Employment generation (largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings.
• Only industry in the country which is self reliant and complete in the value chain.
(i) Cotton Textile industry -
• Agro-based and the oldest industry in India.
• First cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai.
• At present, it is the largest industry in our
country. Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to favourable conditions- availability of raw cotton, market, transport including port facility, labour, moist climate, etc.
• Spinning is Centralised whereas weaving is decentralised to Incorporate traditional skills.
• World class spinning but weaving supplies low quality fabric; export yarn import fabric.
• India exports yarn(25%) and readymade garments(4%)
• Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: (a) Handloom, (b) Power-looms and (c) Mills
• Cotton textile industries are facing many
problems such as:
• old machinery,
• erratic power supply,
• low productivity of labour,
• tough competition from synthetic fibers.
(ii) Jute Textiles
• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. Second position in export after Bangladesh.
• First jute mill was set up in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1855.
• Jute is used in making rope, bags, carpets etc.
• Jute industries are located mainly along
Hooghly River in West Bengal because:
(a) Proximity to jute producing area.
(b) Abundance of water for processing raw jute.
(c) Good Network of railways.
(d) Kolkata urban Center : banking, market etc.
(e) Cheap labour
f) Hooghly River also provides cheap water
transport
• Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura also have jute mills.
० Jute industries are facing problems like:
• Competition from International Competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and thailand.
• high production cost,
• declining demand of jute in international market,
• tough competition from synthetic fiber industry.
० The National Jute policy (2005) was formed with an objective to improve the quality, increase productivity, and it also ensures good prices and security to the jute farmers by enhancing the yield per hectare.
• Government had made it mandatory to use jute for packaging because of the growing global concern for environment-friendly and biodegradable materials.
# Sugar Industry
० India stands second in the world in sugar production(first in gur and KhandSari).
० Bulky raw material, and sucrose content reduced during haulage.
० Sugar mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu .
० In recent years, shifting to the Southern and
Western state, especially In Maharashtra because-
• the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
• relatively cooler climate also ensure a longer crushing season.
• Cooperatives are more successful.
० Problems facing :
• seasonal nature of the industry,
• old and inefficient methods of production,
• transport delay in reaching cane to factories,
• need to maximise the use of baggase .
० Mineral Based Industries:
० Iron & Steel Industry
• Basic industry because it provides raw material to other industries.
• Heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal, limestone] are bulky in nature.
• Most of the steel plants are located in
ChotaNagpur region.
• Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel through SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd.)
• India ranked 2nd among the world crude steel producer, largest in sponge iron. But per capita consumption is very low than world average.
• China is largest producer as well as consumer.
० Process of manufacturing:
• Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to produce pig iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1.
• Pig iron is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make it more stronger steel.
० Problems facing:
• High cost of production,
• Limited availability of coking coal,
• Low productivity of labour,
• Irregular supply of energy,
• Raw materials are found in a certain pockets of India only,
• Poor infrastructure like transport and communication etc.
० Aluminium Smelting :
• Second most important metallurgical industry in India
• Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.
• Used to manufacture aircraft , utensils and wires.
• 4 to 6tonnes of Bauxite ➡ 2tonnes of Alumina ➡ 1tonne of Aluminium
• Regular supply of power and assured source of raw material at the minimum cost are the two prime factors of location.
• Major smelting plants are located in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, UP, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
NALCO- National Aluminium Company Limited
० Chemical Industry :
• India produces organic and inorganic chemicals .
• Organic -
Petrochemicals (used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, rubber, drugs and Pharmaceuticals) .
• Inorganic -
Sulphuric acid (used to manufacture plastic, paints, fertilizers),
Nitric acid,
Alkalis,
Soda ash (used to make glass, soaps, paper) ,
Caustic soda,etc.
• The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying .
• The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
• Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals which are used for industrial application ,agriculture and directly for consumer market.
० Fertiliser Industry:
• India is the third largest producer of
nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Fertiliser industry is centred around the
production of Nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea) , Phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (D.A.P) and complex fertilisers.
• Complex fertilisers have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K).
• Potash is entirely imported because India does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds.
० Cement Industry:
• Requires bulky raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
• Coal and electric power along with rail transportation required.
• There are many cement plants in Gujarat and Coastal areas because of accessibility to gulf countries (market).
• Improvement in quality has found the Indian
cement a readily available market in East Asia,
Middle East, Africa and South Asia.
• This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export.
• First cement plant - 1904,Chennai
० Automobile Industry :
• Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of goods and passengers.
• After liberalisation demand of new contemporary models has increased, many automobile manufacturers set their base in India (brought new technology).
• The industry is located in Delhi ,
Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Gurugram, Indore, Jamshedpur ete .
० Information Technology and Electronics Industry:
• Bangalore is often termed as the electronic
capital of India (due to concentration of industry) .
•Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the other important centres.
• There are 18 software technology parks in the
country and they provide single window service and high data communication to software experts.
• This industry had generated a large number of employment.
• This sector has been a major earner of foreign exchange because of fast growth of BPO (Business Process Outsourcing).
० Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
० Air Pollution
• It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air.
• Particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
• It is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
• It affects human health, plants, animals and atmosphere.
० Water Pollution
• Caused when organic and inorganic untreated industrial waste are discharged into Water bodies.
• Main industries causing water pollution are paper, textiles and dyeing , petroleum refineries ,tanneries and electro-plating.
• These Industries dump substances like dyes, detergents, acids, Salts and heavy metals like lead and Mercury, pesticides and fertilisers, Plastic and rubber.
• Fly-ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are one of the major solid waste.
० Water pollution and soil pollution is inter related
Dumping waste on Soil like Glass, harmful chemicals Industrial Effluents,etc contaminate groundwater since Rainwater percolates them down.
० Thermal Pollution
• This occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into Water bodies before cooling .
• Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.
० Noise Pollution
• Noise from industrial and construction activities, machinery, from equipment, etc contribute to noise pollution.
• Results in hearing impairment, increased heart rate, blood pressure and physiological effects.
• Results in stress, anger, irritation etc.
० Control of Environmental Degradation
• Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages.
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.(b) Secondary treatment by biological process.(c)Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.
• Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.
• Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.
• Land filling method should be adopted for
dumping of waste.
• Modern equipment should be used which
controls, filters and separates harmful materials from the waste.
• Polluting industries should be located away from towns and cities.
० NTPC case study
० National Thermal Power Corporation has ISO certification for Environment Management System (EMS).
० Steps taken by NTPC
• Adopting latest technique and upgrading existing equipment.
• Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
• Ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
• Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
I hope this will help you.
Don't hesitate to ask (comment) any question or give any suggestion.
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